SYSTEMS THEORY AND SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

1. Models by form can be:

1. graphic;
2. stationary;
3. verbal;
4. causal.

 

2. The state of a system is determined by:

1. the set of values of the control variables; 
2. the rate of change of output variables; 
3. a set of characteristic properties of the system
4. set of values of disturbing influences.

 

3. Equilibrium of a system is defined as:

1. (the ability of a system to maintain its state for as long as desired in the absence of external perturbations;
2. the ability of the system to return to its initial state after the removal of perturbations;
3. the ability of the system to move uniformly and smoothly for arbitrarily long time under constant influences;
4. the ability of the system to keep its state for arbitrarily long time under constant influences;

 

4. Stability can be defined as:

1. the ability of a system to maintain its state for any length of time under constant influences;
2. the ability of the system to move uniformly as long as possible under constant influences;
3. ability of the system to return to its initial state after removal of disturbances;
4. the ability of the system to keep its state for any length of time in the absence of external disturbances;

 

5. Development is necessarily associated with:

1. increase in quantity;
2. increase in energy resources;
3. increase in size;
4. change in goals.

 

6. the entropy of a system increases when: 

1. complete isolation of the system from its environment;
2. acquisition of information by the system;
3. acquisition of material resources by the system;
4. external controlling influences on the system.

 

7. In a static system:

1. invariable structure;
2. characteristics are invariable;
3. perturbations are invariable;
4. state is invariable.

 

8. A dynamic system is:

1. a system with a time-varying state;
2. a system with a time-varying structure;
3. a system with parameters that change in time;
4. a system with characteristics that change in time.

 

9. The integrating link is described by the equation:

1. y = kx’;
2. y = kx;
3. y’ = kx;
4. Ty’+y = kx’;

 

10. y = kx’ – this equation describes the behavior of:

1. an inertia-free link;
2. an inertial link;
3. an oscillating link;
4. an ideal differentiating link;

 

11. Dynamic characteristics:

1. – time-varying characteristics;
2. characteristics that do not change in time;
3. characterize the dependence of variation of output variables on input variables and time;
4. characterize the response of the system to changes in the input variables.

 

12. Laws of the functioning of systems;

1. are valid for any systems;
2. are always true;
3. are true sometimes;
4. are true “as a rule”.

 

13. The regularity of development in time – historicity: 

1. is true only for technical systems;
2. Valid only for biological systems;
3. Valid only for economic systems;
4. valid for all systems.

 

14. The ability of a system to reach a certain state (equifinality) depends on:

1. time;
2. parameters of the system;
3. initial conditions;
4. perturbations.

 

15. Emergence manifests itself in a system as:

1. the inequality of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements;
2. changes in all elements of the system when any of its elements is affected;
3. appearance of new integrative qualities in the system, which are not peculiar to its elements.
4. Equality of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements. 16.

 

16. Additivity is:

1. a type of emergent nature;
2. the opposite of emergence;
3. modified emergence;
4. independence of elements from each other.

 

17. In progressive systematization: 

1. System behavior becomes physically summative;  
2. the elements of systems become more and more dependent on each other;
3. the system behaves more and more as a whole;
4. the elements of the systems increasingly depend on each other;

 

18. Communicativity in hierarchical ordering of systems manifests itself in the form of:

1. (communication of the system with systems of the same level as the one in question;
2. feedback in the system; 
3. connection of the system with a supersystem;
4. connection of the system with subsystems or elements.

 

19. technical systems are: 

1. a set of technical solutions;
2. a set of interconnected technical elements;
3. a natural system;
4. an operating system.

 

20. A technological system is:

1. a set of interrelated technical elements;
2. an artificial system;
3. an abstract system;
4. a set of operations (actions).

 

21. an economic system is:

1. a set of activities;
2. a set of economic relations;
3. a created system;
4. a material system.

 

22. The organizational system provides:

1. coordination of activities;
2. development of the main functional elements of the system;
3. social development of people;
4. functioning of the main elements of the system.

 

23. A centralized system is:

1. a system in which some element plays a major, dominant role;
2. a system in which small changes in a leading element cause significant changes in the whole system;
3. a system in which there is an element that is significantly different in size from the rest;
4. a deterministic system.

 

24. An open system is a system:

1. capable of exchanging information with its environment;
2. in which entropy can decrease;
3. where entropy only increases;
4. is capable of exchanging energy with the environment.

 

25. Systems capable of choosing their behavior are called:

1. causal;
2. active;
3. goal-directed;
4. heterogeneous.

 

26. Systems with changing parameters are called: stationary; active; purposeful; heterogeneous:

1. stationary;
2. multidimensional; stochastic; random;
3. stochastic;
4. non-stationary.

 

27. A complex system:

1. has many elements;
2. has many connections;
3. cannot be described in detail;
4. has a branched structure and a variety of internal connections.

 

28. A deterministic system:

1. has 99% predictable behavior;
2. has 100% predictable behavior;
3. is unpredictable;
4. has predictable behavior with more than 0.5 probability.

 

29. A system in which all the elements and the relationships between them are known in the form of unambiguous dependencies (analytical or graphical) can be classified as:

1. (a deterministic system;
2. a well-organized system;
3. a diffused system;
4. linear system.

 

30. The features of economic systems as self-organizing include: 

1. causality;
2. stochasticity;
3. ability to resist entropic tendencies;
4. ability and tendency to goal-setting.

 

31. The main features of the systems approach:

1. The approach to any problem as a system;
2. thought moves from elements to a system;
3. thought moves from the system to the elements;
4. the center of the study is the element and its properties.

 

32. Research and design of a system from the point of view of its functioning in conditions of external and internal perturbations is called:

1. system-information approach;
2. a systems-management approach;
3. system-functional approach;
4. system-structural approach;

 

33. When constructing a mathematical model, the following problems arise:

1. determining the number of model parameters;
2. determination of values of model parameters;
3. choosing the structure of the model;
4. choosing the criterion for assessing the quality of the model;

 

34. The method of least squares is used in:

1. determining model parameters;
2. choosing the structure of the model;
3. analytical approach;
4. evaluation of model accuracy.

 

35. The analytical approach to constructing a mathematical model requires:

1. experimental data;
2. non-stationarity of the object;
3. knowledge of regularities acting in the system;
4. stochasticity of the object.

 

36. The best model is the one that has:

1. zero error on experimental data;
2. the most of all parameters (coefficients)
3. has the smallest error on control points;
4. includes the largest number of variables.

 

37. A system is:

1. a set of elements;
2. a representation of an object in terms of a set goal;
3. a set of interrelated elements;
4. an object of study, description, design and management.

 

38. A system element:

1. Indivisible within the scope of the task at hand;
2. an indivisible part of the system;
3. the main part of the system;
4. necessarily has connections with other elements of the system.

 

39. Property:

1. is absolute;
2. relative;
3. is manifested only in interaction with another object;
4. a side of the object, which determines its similarity with other objects.

 

40. Property:

1. A side of an object that causes it to differ from other objects.
2. Inherent to all objects;
3. Inherent only in systems;
4. an invariable characteristic of an object.

 

41. Relationship:

1. unites elements and properties into a whole;
2. is the way the elements’ inputs and outputs interact;
3. is something without which there is no system;
4. restricts the freedom of the elements;

 

42. System (problem) stratification is designed to:

1. to describe the system (problem) more concisely;
2. detailing the description of the system (problem);
3. simplifying the description of the system (problem);
4. representation of the system (problem) as a set of models of different abstraction level.

 

43. Designing the system in the form of layers is performed for:

1. organization of management and decision making in complex systems;
2. distribution of responsibility levels at making decisions;
3. simplicity of description of the control system;
4. increase of control accuracy.

 

44. When organizing a system in the form of echelons: 

1. elements of the system at all levels have complete freedom to choose their own decisions;
2. the efficiency of their functioning increases;
3. the elements of the system make decisions only on the basis of the goals set by superior elements;
4. horizontal connections with elements of the same hierarchical level are stronger than vertical connections.  

 

45. The efficiency of structures is assessed by:

1. survivability;
2. precision;
3. efficiency;
4. volume.

 

46. Positive feedback:

1. always increases the influence of input influences on output variables;  
2. always increases the value of the output variable;
3. accelerates transients;
4. increases the influence of non-stationarity.

 

47. Negative feedback:

1. slows down the transients;
2. reduces the influence of disturbances on the system;
3. always reduces the deviation of output variables;
4. always reduces the value of the output variable.

 

48. Examples of positive feedback are:

1. growth of living cells;
2. nuclear reaction;
3. supply and demand in the market;
4. panic.

 

49. Examples of negative feedback are:

1. body temperatures;
2. cycling;
3. regulating an assortment;
4. self-confidence.

 

50. Need:

1. is a consequence of the problem;
2. is the cause of the problem;
3. stems from the desire;
4. is formed from the goal.

 

51. Desire is:  

1. an objective need;
2. a subjective need;
3. a conscious need; 
4. the difference between a need and reality.

 

52. The problem: 

1. is a consequence of a need;
2. is a consequence of a desire;
3. is a consequence of the goal;
4. appears as a result of an unknown algorithm for solving the problem.

 

53. The goal is: 

1. an option for satisfying a desire;
2. any alternative in making a decision;
3. something that will allow the problem to be removed;
4. a model of a future result.

 

54. The goal has the following characteristics:  

1. the goal generates the problem;
2. always contains elements of uncertainty;
3. the objective is a means of evaluation of a future result;
4. choice of a goal is purely subjective.

 

55. The goal in the analysis of the object:  

1. to identify ways of eliminating the problem;
2. to identify the presence of contradictions;
3. to identify the causes of the problem situation;
4. to identify the place of contradictions.

 

56. The goal in describing the object: 

1. to identify the location of the problem situation;
2. to present the problem situation in the form, convenient for analysis;
3. to solve the problem situation with a new object;
4. to support the functioning of the object in accordance with the task.

 

57. Turning a problem into a problematic object is necessary:

1. to evaluate management constraints;  
2. in evaluation of the degree of goal achievement;
3. to take into account the interests of all surrounding systems;
4. when formulating the goal.

 

58. The following dangers are possible in goal formulation: 

1. Goal confusion;
2. substitution of goals by criteria;
3. substitution of the goals for the means;
4. changing the problem.

 

59. The goal is characterized by:  

1. replacing it with desire;
2. changing it over time;
3. influence of values on the goal;
4. refusal to achieve the goal.

 

60. The criterion is: 

1. a quantitative model of the goal;
2. a qualitative model of the objective;
3. an instrument for evaluating alternatives;
4. a tool for assessing the degree of goal achievement.

 

61. Input variables are divided into: 

1. control variables;
2. output variables;
3. disturbances;
4. deterministic variables.

 

62. What underlies the principle of open-loop (programmaticontrol:

1. the idea of autonomous influence on the system regardless of its operating conditions;
2. influencing a specific object within the system;
3. development of an algorithm for controlling an object;
4. the idea of compensation of perturbations caused by influence on the object;
5. the idea of programming changes in the state of the system in time. 

 

63. What is the basis of the principle of open-loop control with perturbation compensation?

1. capturing information about external perturbations and controlling deviations of system parameters;
2. use of corrective control on the system;
3. elimination of unregulated effect of perturbations on the motion
4. use of program control on the system;
5. the idea of autonomous influence on the system regardless of its operating conditions.

 

64. What underlies the principle of closed-loop control:

1. selecting the optimal behavior of a system given its known behavior at a particular point in time;
2. realization of control by introducing feedback;
3. development of an algorithm for controlling an object;
4. solution of control tasks by introduction of negative feedback
5. recording of information on external perturbations and control of deviations of system parameters.

 

65. What is the basis of the dual control method:

1. the use of control signals, the response to which is predetermined;
2. use of additional signals, reaction to which is predetermined;
3. control commands are given from different sources;
4. use of feedback;
5. use of dual identical signals when influencing one object.

 

66. Which class of systems includes Self-Adaptive Systems:

1. (Analytical systems;
2. adaptive systems;
3. artificial intelligence;
4. expert systems;
5. Self-organizing systems.

 

67. What underlies the principle of one-time control:

1. the one-time use of feedback;
2. making some decision, the consequences of which last for a short time;
3. using a functional as a criterion;
4. the idea of a one-time impact on a system regardless of its operating conditions;
5. taking some decision, the consequences of which last for a long time.

 

68. Select the correct sequence of steps in the theoretical study of a system:

• developing a system model and studying its dynamics
• determine the composition of controls, resources and constraints
• analyzing the purpose of the system and developing assumptions and constraints
• distinguishing the system from the environment and establishing their interactions
• development of concept and algorithm of optimal management
• assignment of the target as a required final state
• selection of the management principle
• selection of a set of criteria and their ranking by using a preference system

1. 3 5 6 4 1 2 7 8;
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8;
3. 4 3 1 7 2 8 6 5;
4. 8 7 3 2 1 6 5 4;
5. 7 3 1 2 4 5 6 8.

 

69. How is the environment structured:

1. by introducing order into it;
2. by using a functional as a criterion;
3. by introducing additional elements into it;
4. by introducing feedback into it;
5. by introducing the algorithm of the control program of the object into it.

 

70. What is meant by system stability:

1. The property of a system to use a preserved state to return to it after some influence;
2. the ability of the system to evolve under conditions of a lack of resources;
3. the degree of orderliness of its elements;
4. the property of the system to return to the same or close to the same state after any impact on it;
5. internal unity of the system elements. 71.

 

71. At what stage of the life cycle does the process of self-organization of the system occur?

1. implementation;
2. design;
3. requirements planning and analysis;
4. operation;
5. implementation;
6. during the whole life cycle of the system.

 

72. Select the correct sequence of the system life cycle:

• implementation
• design
• requirements planning and analysis
• operation
• implementation

1. 3 2 5 1 4;
2. 2 3 1 4 5;
3. 1 3 2 5 4;
4. 3 2 1 5 4;
5. 5 4 1 2 3.

 

73. What can be done when creating a system in an unorganized unprepared environment for its existence:

1. use corrective control on the system;
2. you can start sowing “dragon’s teeth” which, when sprouted, will serve as elements of the future system;
3. limit the influence of the environment on the created system;
4. implement control by introducing feedback;
5. you can transform the environment, turning it into an organized system capable of accepting the new system.

 

74. Give the correct definition of a system:

1. a set of connections between objects;
2. a set of elements and connections between them, acquiring properties not inherent in its elements individually;
3. a sequence of elements;
4. a set of objects, the connections between which strengthen their properties;
5. a set of unrelated objects.

 

75. What is the essence of the systems approach:

1. (Considering objects as systems;
2. decomposition of a system into objects;
3. combining subsystems into a single system;
4. Considering systems as objects;
5. Revealing interconnections between systems.

 

76. Identify the correct definition of system integrity:

1. internal unity, the principal irreducibility of the properties of a system to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements;
2. the introduction of order into the system;
3. the property of the system to return to the same or close to the same state after any influence on it;
4. a set of elements;
5. a property of the system, characterizing its compliance with the intended purpose.

 

77. Give a definition of system efficiency:

1. the property of a system to return to its original state;
2. the property of a system that characterizes its fitness for purpose under certain conditions of use and taking into account the costs of its design, manufacture, and operation;
3. characteristic of the system, indicating the degree of impact of each element on the system as a whole;
4. characteristic of the system, in which all elements have a number of common properties;
5. internal unity, the principal irreducibility of system properties to the sum of properties of its constituent elements;

 

78. Finish the sentence: “To maintain the integrity of the system in the face of a changing environment and internal transformations (accidental or intentional) requires a special organization of the system to ensure its ..:

1. self-organization;
2. bifurcation;
3. structurization;
4. stability;
5. integrity.

 

79. What is the purpose of creating a system:

1. transforming the environment;
2. organization of objects into a unified whole;
3. to combine elements with common properties;
4. To embody certain properties in the system;
5. all of the above;

 

80. Speaking of a system means:

1. only the control object;
2. only the controlling system;
3. the control object and the controlling system;
4. the control object and its controlling system, assuming that the system is controlled;
5.  a localized controlling part.

 

81. The description of a system is:

1. the expression of its content through the functions performed;
2. the purpose of the system;
3. description of its elements’ properties;
4. highlighting of its elements;
5. description of its elements’ connections.

 

82. When it is appropriate to use a model:

1. to reflect planned properties;
2. when the original is known to be cheaper than the cost of the model;
3. when the original is not available for testing;
4. when it is necessary to simulate the behavior of the system in a long period;
5. always.

 

83. Select the classification attributes of the model:

1. dual control;
2. the degree of detailing of the model;
3. capability of self-organization;
4. implementation of the principle of closed-loop control;
5. division by functional qualities of the system.

 

84. Select the correct definition of the state of the system:

1. a set of states summarizing all possible changes in the system during operation;
2. a set of indicators of the system at a particular point in time;
3. connections between objects of the system, unambiguously characterizing their subsequent changes;
4. a set of parameters, characterizing system functioning, which unambiguously determines its subsequent changes;
5. none of the above.

 

85. What is the main idea of cybernetics:

1. the similarity of structures and functions in control systems of different nature;
2. similarity of elements of the system;
3. the presence of a definite goal in the system;
4. difference of functions in different systems;
5. none of the options is correct.

 

86. What is the purpose of simulation models?

1. serve as a “substitute” for the original;
2. serve to display the interaction between elements within the object under study;
3. describe in general terms the transformation of information in the system;
4. are filled with mathematical content;
5. provide an output signal of the modeled system, if its interacting subsystems receive an input signal.

 

87. Effectiveness criteria are:

1. (quantitative criteria that allow the results of decisions to be evaluated;
2. qualitative criteria, allowing to evaluate results of taken decisions;
3. information on the work done by a system;
4. indicators used to evaluate the system’s performance;
5. qualitative criteria allowing to assess compliance of the model with the object under study.

 

88. What is meant by system structure:

1. the set of connections of a system;
2. the construction of the elements of the system;
3. a set of functional elements of the system, united by connections;
4. a set of elements of the system;
5. a set of output parameters.

 

89. Give the definition of a relationship:

1. a property (or properties) of a set of objects and/or events that they (objects) do not possess when taken individually;
2. the way in which the objects of a system are combined;
3. interaction between objects;
4. grouping of objects according to a certain feature;
5. the sequence of objects that determines their role in the system.

 

90. What is environment stratification:

1. The principle of using program control on a system;
2. a principle in which the description of the environment should be approached as a hierarchical structure;
3. the principle of choosing the optimum behavior of a system given its known behavior at a particular point in time;
4. the principle of eliminating the unregulated impact of disturbances on motion;
5. the principle of using control signals, the response to which is predetermined.

 

91. The simplest unit of a system:

1. An object that performs certain functions and is not subject to separation within the task at hand;
2. a part of a system consisting of several subsystems;
3. an object serving to link subsystems in a system;
4. a function of the system;
5. an object causing the difference or similarity of the system with other systems.

 

92. Control is:

1. influencing perturbing variables;
2. impact on the object to achieve a given goal;
3. impact on an output variable;
4. changing the structure of the object.

 

93. Resources used for management are:

1. human resources;
2. financial; information; change in the structure of the object;
3. information;
4. energy.

 

94. The goal of management can be set by:

1. the goal-setting body;
2. the object of management;
3. the subject of management
4. the environment.

 

95. You can do without a mathematical model when solving a problem:

1. stabilization;
2. program control;
3. searching control;
4. optimum control.

 

96. A mathematical model is necessarily necessary in: 

1. optimization;
2. extreme regulation;
3. optimum control in dynamics;
4. stabilization.

 

97. For a control system to be considered automated it is necessary to:

1. computers; 
2. people;
3. the Internet;
4. computer networks.

 

98. In an automated control system, it is possible to do without humans:

1. when making a decision;
2. when collecting data;
3. during data entry;
4. in data processing.

 

99. Feedback can be dispensed with during:

1. stabilization;
2. extreme regulation;
3. optimization;
4. program control.

 

100. An open-loop control system is characterized by:

1. high reliability;
2. high precision of control;
3. high speed of reaction on perturbation
4. simple implementation.

 

101. A closed-loop control system is characterized by:

1. high reliability;
2. high control accuracy;
3. high speed of reaction on perturbation
4. simple implementation.

 

102. Which of the control laws is characterized by control accuracy:

1. positional;
2. proportional;
3. differential;
4. integral.

 

103. Which of the control laws is characterized by increased sensitivity:

1. positional;
2. proportional;
3. differential;
4. integral.

 

104. Which of the control laws can be used in perturbation control?

1. positional;
2. proportional;
3. differential;
4. integral.

 

105. Which of the control laws can be used in deviation control?

1. positional;
2. proportional;
3. differential;
4. integral.

 

106. Which of the control laws can be used in controlling the task:

1. positional;
2. proportional;
3. differential;
4. integral.

 

107. The extreme control problem differs from the optimization problem:

1. absence of control criterion;
2. Absence of restrictions;
3. Absence of model of the object;
4. multiple determination of optimal value of control.

 

108. The goal of the optimal control problem is:

1. (determining the value of the control action that leads to an optimum of the criterion; 
2. achievement of optimum of control criterion;
3. fulfillment of restrictions;
4. Compensation of perturbations.

 

109. Constraints of the first kind in optimal control are: 

1. resource constraints;
2. constraints on perturbations;
3. restrictions, connected with dynamic properties of the control object;
4. lower limit of the value of a managerial impact.

 

110. Limitations of the second kind in optimal control are:

1. upper boundary of the value of the managerial impact;
2. resource restrictions;
3. Restrictions on disturbances;
4. physical restrictions.

 

111. In multicriteria optimization:

1. there is a single solution;
2. there are many solutions;
3. it is impossible to find a solution;
4. the solution can be found with additional information from the customer.

 

112. The Pareto area is:

1. The set of solutions at the constraint boundary;
2. upper limit of criterion values;
3. lower boundary of criterion values;
4. maximal value of control action.

 

113. When solving a multicriteria optimization problem, the most important criterion is selected, and the other criteria:

1. are discarded;
2. take maximal values;
3. take a form of restriction;
4. take on the form of restrictions; take on the form of minimum values.

 

114. When solving a multi-criteria optimization problem, the partial criteria are summed, with the criteria multiplied by weighting coefficients that:

1. show the importance of the criterion;
2. increase the accuracy of solving the problem
3. scale criteria;
4. reduce restriction area.

 

115. Adaptation is:

1. the process of changing system parameters;
2. the process of selecting functioning criteria;
3. process of changing the environment;
4. the process of changing the structure of the system.

 

116. Adaptation is:

1. the process of adapting to the environment;
2. the process of changing the environment;
3. the process of selecting the optimal value of the controlling influence;
4. process of changing the disturbing influence.

 

117. A complex system is characterized by:

1. “intolerance” to control;
2. determinism; 
3. causality;
4. non-stationarity.

 

118. A self-adapting system is related to:

1. with structural adaptation;
2. with parametric adaptation;
3. with adaptation of the control goals;
4. adaptation of the control object.

 

119. A dynamic system can be in the following modes:

1. transient;
2. periodic;
3. causal;
4. equilibrium.

 

120. A stable system after a perturbation is removed:

1. returns to the steady state;
2. moves to a new steady state;
3. transitions to a new equilibrium state;
4. returns to cyclic mode.

 

121. For a homeostatic system to be stable it is necessary to:

1. the degree of instability of each antagonist must not exceed a certain critical value;
2. stochasticity of each antagonist should not exceed a certain threshold value;
3. the asymmetry of the influences applied to the antagonists must not exceed a certain critical limit of asymmetry;
4. the asymmetry of the parameters of the antagonists must not exceed a certain critical limit of asymmetry.