- Models by form can be:
- graphic;
- stationary;
- verbal;
- causal.
- The state of a system is determined by:
- the set of values of the control variables;
- the rate of change of output variables;
- a set of characteristic properties of the system
- set of values of disturbing influences.
- Equilibrium of a system is defined as:
- (the ability of a system to maintain its state for as long as desired in the absence of external perturbations;
- the ability of the system to return to its initial state after the removal of perturbations;
- the ability of the system to move uniformly and smoothly for arbitrarily long time under constant influences;
- the ability of the system to keep its state for arbitrarily long time under constant influences;
- Stability can be defined as:
- the ability of a system to maintain its state for any length of time under constant influences;
- the ability of the system to move uniformly as long as possible under constant influences;
- ability of the system to return to its initial state after removal of disturbances;
- the ability of the system to keep its state for any length of time in the absence of external disturbances;
- Development is necessarily associated with:
- increase in quantity;
- increase in energy resources;
- increase in size;
- change in goals.
- the entropy of a system increases when:
- complete isolation of the system from its environment;
- acquisition of information by the system;
- acquisition of material resources by the system;
- external controlling influences on the system.
- In a static system:
- invariable structure;
- characteristics are invariable;
- perturbations are invariable;
- state is invariable.
- A dynamic system is:
- a system with a time-varying state;
- a system with a time-varying structure;
- a system with parameters that change in time;
- a system with characteristics that change in time.
- The integrating link is described by the equation:
- y = kx’;
- y = kx;
- y’ = kx;
- Ty’+y = kx’;
- y = kx’ – this equation describes the behavior of:
- an inertia-free link;
- an inertial link;
- an oscillating link;
- an ideal differentiating link;
- Dynamic characteristics:
- – time-varying characteristics;
- characteristics that do not change in time;
- characterize the dependence of variation of output variables on input variables and time;
- characterize the response of the system to changes in the input variables.
- Laws of the functioning of systems;
- are valid for any systems;
- are always true;
- are true sometimes;
- are true “as a rule”.
- The regularity of development in time – historicity:
- is true only for technical systems;
- Valid only for biological systems;
- Valid only for economic systems;
- valid for all systems.
- The ability of a system to reach a certain state (equifinality) depends on:
- time;
- parameters of the system;
- initial conditions;
- perturbations.
- Emergence manifests itself in a system as:
- the inequality of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements;
- changes in all elements of the system when any of its elements is affected;
- appearance of new integrative qualities in the system, which are not peculiar to its elements.
- Equality of the properties of the system to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements. 16.
- Additivity is:
- a type of emergent nature;
- the opposite of emergence;
- modified emergence;
- independence of elements from each other.
- In progressive systematization:
- System behavior becomes physically summative;
- the elements of systems become more and more dependent on each other;
- the system behaves more and more as a whole;
- the elements of the systems increasingly depend on each other;
- Communicativity in hierarchical ordering of systems manifests itself in the form of:
- (communication of the system with systems of the same level as the one in question;
- feedback in the system;
- connection of the system with a supersystem;
- connection of the system with subsystems or elements.
- technical systems are:
- a set of technical solutions;
- a set of interconnected technical elements;
- a natural system;
- an operating system.
- A technological system is:
- a set of interrelated technical elements;
- an artificial system;
- an abstract system;
- a set of operations (actions).
- an economic system is:
- a set of activities;
- a set of economic relations;
- a created system;
- a material system.
- The organizational system provides:
- coordination of activities;
- development of the main functional elements of the system;
- social development of people;
- functioning of the main elements of the system.
- A centralized system is:
- a system in which some element plays a major, dominant role;
- a system in which small changes in a leading element cause significant changes in the whole system;
- a system in which there is an element that is significantly different in size from the rest;
- a deterministic system.
- An open system is a system:
- capable of exchanging information with its environment;
- in which entropy can decrease;
- where entropy only increases;
- is capable of exchanging energy with the environment.
- Systems capable of choosing their behavior are called:
- causal;
- active;
- goal-directed;
- heterogeneous.
- Systems with changing parameters are called: stationary; active; purposeful; heterogeneous:
- stationary;
- multidimensional; stochastic; random;
- stochastic;
- non-stationary.
- A complex system:
- has many elements;
- has many connections;
- cannot be described in detail;
- has a branched structure and a variety of internal connections.
- A deterministic system:
- has 99% predictable behavior;
- has 100% predictable behavior;
- is unpredictable;
- has predictable behavior with more than 0.5 probability.
- A system in which all the elements and the relationships between them are known in the form of unambiguous dependencies (analytical or graphical) can be classified as:
- (a deterministic system;
- a well-organized system;
- a diffused system;
- linear system.
- The features of economic systems as self-organizing include:
- causality;
- stochasticity;
- ability to resist entropic tendencies;
- ability and tendency to goal-setting.
- The main features of the systems approach:
- The approach to any problem as a system;
- thought moves from elements to a system;
- thought moves from the system to the elements;
- the center of the study is the element and its properties.
- Research and design of a system from the point of view of its functioning in conditions of external and internal perturbations is called:
- system-information approach;
- a systems-management approach;
- system-functional approach;
- system-structural approach;
- When constructing a mathematical model, the following problems arise:
- determining the number of model parameters;
- determination of values of model parameters;
- choosing the structure of the model;
- choosing the criterion for assessing the quality of the model;
- The method of least squares is used in:
- determining model parameters;
- choosing the structure of the model;
- analytical approach;
- evaluation of model accuracy.
- The analytical approach to constructing a mathematical model requires:
- experimental data;
- non-stationarity of the object;
- knowledge of regularities acting in the system;
- stochasticity of the object.
- The best model is the one that has:
- zero error on experimental data;
- the most of all parameters (coefficients)
- has the smallest error on control points;
- includes the largest number of variables.
- A system is:
- a set of elements;
- a representation of an object in terms of a set goal;
- a set of interrelated elements;
- an object of study, description, design and management.
- A system element:
- Indivisible within the scope of the task at hand;
- an indivisible part of the system;
- the main part of the system;
- necessarily has connections with other elements of the system.
- Property:
- is absolute;
- relative;
- is manifested only in interaction with another object;
- a side of the object, which determines its similarity with other objects.
- Property:
- A side of an object that causes it to differ from other objects.
- Inherent to all objects;
- Inherent only in systems;
- an invariable characteristic of an object.
- Relationship:
- unites elements and properties into a whole;
- is the way the elements’ inputs and outputs interact;
- is something without which there is no system;
- restricts the freedom of the elements;
- System (problem) stratification is designed to:
- to describe the system (problem) more concisely;
- detailing the description of the system (problem);
- simplifying the description of the system (problem);
- representation of the system (problem) as a set of models of different abstraction level.
- Designing the system in the form of layers is performed for:
- organization of management and decision making in complex systems;
- distribution of responsibility levels at making decisions;
- simplicity of description of the control system;
- increase of control accuracy.
- When organizing a system in the form of echelons:
- elements of the system at all levels have complete freedom to choose their own decisions;
- the efficiency of their functioning increases;
- the elements of the system make decisions only on the basis of the goals set by superior elements;
- horizontal connections with elements of the same hierarchical level are stronger than vertical connections.
- The efficiency of structures is assessed by:
- survivability;
- precision;
- efficiency;
- volume.
- Positive feedback:
- always increases the influence of input influences on output variables;
- always increases the value of the output variable;
- accelerates transients;
- increases the influence of non-stationarity.
- Negative feedback:
- slows down the transients;
- reduces the influence of disturbances on the system;
- always reduces the deviation of output variables;
- always reduces the value of the output variable.
- Examples of positive feedback are:
- growth of living cells;
- nuclear reaction;
- supply and demand in the market;
- panic.
- Examples of negative feedback are:
- body temperatures;
- cycling;
- regulating an assortment;
- self-confidence.
- Need:
- is a consequence of the problem;
- is the cause of the problem;
- stems from the desire;
- is formed from the goal.
- Desire is:
- an objective need;
- a subjective need;
- a conscious need;
- the difference between a need and reality.
- The problem:
- is a consequence of a need;
- is a consequence of a desire;
- is a consequence of the goal;
- appears as a result of an unknown algorithm for solving the problem.
- The goal is:
- an option for satisfying a desire;
- any alternative in making a decision;
- something that will allow the problem to be removed;
- a model of a future result.
- The goal has the following characteristics:
- the goal generates the problem;
- always contains elements of uncertainty;
- the objective is a means of evaluation of a future result;
- choice of a goal is purely subjective.
- The goal in the analysis of the object:
- to identify ways of eliminating the problem;
- to identify the presence of contradictions;
- to identify the causes of the problem situation;
- to identify the place of contradictions.
- The goal in describing the object:
- to identify the location of the problem situation;
- to present the problem situation in the form, convenient for analysis;
- to solve the problem situation with a new object;
- to support the functioning of the object in accordance with the task.
- Turning a problem into a problematic object is necessary:
- to evaluate management constraints;
- in evaluation of the degree of goal achievement;
- to take into account the interests of all surrounding systems;
- when formulating the goal.
- The following dangers are possible in goal formulation:
- Goal confusion;
- substitution of goals by criteria;
- substitution of the goals for the means;
- changing the problem.
- The goal is characterized by:
- replacing it with desire;
- changing it over time;
- influence of values on the goal;
- refusal to achieve the goal.
- The criterion is:
- a quantitative model of the goal;
- a qualitative model of the objective;
- an instrument for evaluating alternatives;
- a tool for assessing the degree of goal achievement.
- Input variables are divided into:
- control variables;
- output variables;
- disturbances;
- deterministic variables.
- What underlies the principle of open-loop (programmaticontrol:
- the idea of autonomous influence on the system regardless of its operating conditions;
- influencing a specific object within the system;
- development of an algorithm for controlling an object;
- the idea of compensation of perturbations caused by influence on the object;
- the idea of programming changes in the state of the system in time.
- What is the basis of the principle of open-loop control with perturbation compensation?
- capturing information about external perturbations and controlling deviations of system parameters;
- use of corrective control on the system;
- elimination of unregulated effect of perturbations on the motion
- use of program control on the system;
- the idea of autonomous influence on the system regardless of its operating conditions.
- What underlies the principle of closed-loop control:
- selecting the optimal behavior of a system given its known behavior at a particular point in time;
- realization of control by introducing feedback;
- development of an algorithm for controlling an object;
- solution of control tasks by introduction of negative feedback
- recording of information on external perturbations and control of deviations of system parameters.
- What is the basis of the dual control method:
- the use of control signals, the response to which is predetermined;
- use of additional signals, reaction to which is predetermined;
- control commands are given from different sources;
- use of feedback;
- use of dual identical signals when influencing one object.
- Which class of systems includes Self-Adaptive Systems:
- (Analytical systems;
- adaptive systems;
- artificial intelligence;
- expert systems;
- Self-organizing systems.
- What underlies the principle of one-time control:
- the one-time use of feedback;
- making some decision, the consequences of which last for a short time;
- using a functional as a criterion;
- the idea of a one-time impact on a system regardless of its operating conditions;
- taking some decision, the consequences of which last for a long time.
- Select the correct sequence of steps in the theoretical study of a system:
- developing a system model and studying its dynamics
- determine the composition of controls, resources and constraints
- analyzing the purpose of the system and developing assumptions and constraints
- distinguishing the system from the environment and establishing their interactions
- development of concept and algorithm of optimal management
- assignment of the target as a required final state
- selection of the management principle
- selection of a set of criteria and their ranking by using a preference system
- 3 5 6 4 1 2 7 8;
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8;
- 4 3 1 7 2 8 6 5;
- 8 7 3 2 1 6 5 4;
- 7 3 1 2 4 5 6 8.
- How is the environment structured:
- by introducing order into it;
- by using a functional as a criterion;
- by introducing additional elements into it;
- by introducing feedback into it;
- by introducing the algorithm of the control program of the object into it.
- What is meant by system stability:
- The property of a system to use a preserved state to return to it after some influence;
- the ability of the system to evolve under conditions of a lack of resources;
- the degree of orderliness of its elements;
- the property of the system to return to the same or close to the same state after any impact on it;
- internal unity of the system elements. 71.
- At what stage of the life cycle does the process of self-organization of the system occur?
- implementation;
- design;
- requirements planning and analysis;
- operation;
- implementation;
- during the whole life cycle of the system.
- Select the correct sequence of the system life cycle:
- implementation
- design
- requirements planning and analysis
- operation
- implementation
- 3 2 5 1 4;
- 2 3 1 4 5;
- 1 3 2 5 4;
- 3 2 1 5 4;
- 5 4 1 2 3.
- What can be done when creating a system in an unorganized unprepared environment for its existence:
- use corrective control on the system;
- you can start sowing “dragon’s teeth” which, when sprouted, will serve as elements of the future system;
- limit the influence of the environment on the created system;
- implement control by introducing feedback;
- you can transform the environment, turning it into an organized system capable of accepting the new system.
- Give the correct definition of a system:
- a set of connections between objects;
- a set of elements and connections between them, acquiring properties not inherent in its elements individually;
- a sequence of elements;
- a set of objects, the connections between which strengthen their properties;
- a set of unrelated objects.
- What is the essence of the systems approach:
- (Considering objects as systems;
- decomposition of a system into objects;
- combining subsystems into a single system;
- Considering systems as objects;
- Revealing interconnections between systems.
- Identify the correct definition of system integrity:
- internal unity, the principal irreducibility of the properties of a system to the sum of the properties of its constituent elements;
- the introduction of order into the system;
- the property of the system to return to the same or close to the same state after any influence on it;
- a set of elements;
- a property of the system, characterizing its compliance with the intended purpose.
- Give a definition of system efficiency:
- the property of a system to return to its original state;
- the property of a system that characterizes its fitness for purpose under certain conditions of use and taking into account the costs of its design, manufacture, and operation;
- characteristic of the system, indicating the degree of impact of each element on the system as a whole;
- characteristic of the system, in which all elements have a number of common properties;
- internal unity, the principal irreducibility of system properties to the sum of properties of its constituent elements;
- Finish the sentence: “To maintain the integrity of the system in the face of a changing environment and internal transformations (accidental or intentional) requires a special organization of the system to ensure its ..:
- self-organization;
- bifurcation;
- structurization;
- stability;
- integrity.
- What is the purpose of creating a system:
- transforming the environment;
- organization of objects into a unified whole;
- to combine elements with common properties;
- To embody certain properties in the system;
- all of the above;
- Speaking of a system means:
- only the control object;
- only the controlling system;
- the control object and the controlling system;
- the control object and its controlling system, assuming that the system is controlled;
- a localized controlling part.
- The description of a system is:
- the expression of its content through the functions performed;
- the purpose of the system;
- description of its elements’ properties;
- highlighting of its elements;
- description of its elements’ connections.
- When it is appropriate to use a model:
- to reflect planned properties;
- when the original is known to be cheaper than the cost of the model;
- when the original is not available for testing;
- when it is necessary to simulate the behavior of the system in a long period;
- always.
- Select the classification attributes of the model:
- dual control;
- the degree of detailing of the model;
- capability of self-organization;
- implementation of the principle of closed-loop control;
- division by functional qualities of the system.
- Select the correct definition of the state of the system:
- a set of states summarizing all possible changes in the system during operation;
- a set of indicators of the system at a particular point in time;
- connections between objects of the system, unambiguously characterizing their subsequent changes;
- a set of parameters, characterizing system functioning, which unambiguously determines its subsequent changes;
- none of the above.
- What is the main idea of cybernetics:
- the similarity of structures and functions in control systems of different nature;
- similarity of elements of the system;
- the presence of a definite goal in the system;
- difference of functions in different systems;
- none of the options is correct.
- What is the purpose of simulation models?
- serve as a “substitute” for the original;
- serve to display the interaction between elements within the object under study;
- describe in general terms the transformation of information in the system;
- are filled with mathematical content;
- provide an output signal of the modeled system, if its interacting subsystems receive an input signal.
- Effectiveness criteria are:
- (quantitative criteria that allow the results of decisions to be evaluated;
- qualitative criteria, allowing to evaluate results of taken decisions;
- information on the work done by a system;
- indicators used to evaluate the system’s performance;
- qualitative criteria allowing to assess compliance of the model with the object under study.
- What is meant by system structure:
- the set of connections of a system;
- the construction of the elements of the system;
- a set of functional elements of the system, united by connections;
- a set of elements of the system;
- a set of output parameters.
- Give the definition of a relationship:
- a property (or properties) of a set of objects and/or events that they (objects) do not possess when taken individually;
- the way in which the objects of a system are combined;
- interaction between objects;
- grouping of objects according to a certain feature;
- the sequence of objects that determines their role in the system.
- What is environment stratification:
- The principle of using program control on a system;
- a principle in which the description of the environment should be approached as a hierarchical structure;
- the principle of choosing the optimum behavior of a system given its known behavior at a particular point in time;
- the principle of eliminating the unregulated impact of disturbances on motion;
- the principle of using control signals, the response to which is predetermined.
- The simplest unit of a system:
- An object that performs certain functions and is not subject to separation within the task at hand;
- a part of a system consisting of several subsystems;
- an object serving to link subsystems in a system;
- a function of the system;
- an object causing the difference or similarity of the system with other systems.
- Control is:
- influencing perturbing variables;
- impact on the object to achieve a given goal;
- impact on an output variable;
- changing the structure of the object.
- Resources used for management are:
- human resources;
- financial; information; change in the structure of the object;
- information;
- energy.
- The goal of management can be set by:
- the goal-setting body;
- the object of management;
- the subject of management
- the environment.
- You can do without a mathematical model when solving a problem:
- stabilization;
- program control;
- searching control;
- optimum control.
- A mathematical model is necessarily necessary in:
- optimization;
- extreme regulation;
- optimum control in dynamics;
- stabilization.
- For a control system to be considered automated it is necessary to:
- computers;
- people;
- the Internet;
- computer networks.
- In an automated control system, it is possible to do without humans:
- when making a decision;
- when collecting data;
- during data entry;
- in data processing.
- Feedback can be dispensed with during:
- stabilization;
- extreme regulation;
- optimization;
- program control.
- An open-loop control system is characterized by:
- high reliability;
- high precision of control;
- high speed of reaction on perturbation
- simple implementation.
- A closed-loop control system is characterized by:
- high reliability;
- high control accuracy;
- high speed of reaction on perturbation
- simple implementation.
- Which of the control laws is characterized by control accuracy:
- positional;
- proportional;
- differential;
- integral.
- Which of the control laws is characterized by increased sensitivity:
- positional;
- proportional;
- differential;
- integral.
- Which of the control laws can be used in perturbation control?
- positional;
- proportional;
- differential;
- integral.
- Which of the control laws can be used in deviation control?
- positional;
- proportional;
- differential;
- integral.
- Which of the control laws can be used in controlling the task:
- positional;
- proportional;
- differential;
- integral.
- The extreme control problem differs from the optimization problem:
- absence of control criterion;
- Absence of restrictions;
- Absence of model of the object;
- multiple determination of optimal value of control.
- The goal of the optimal control problem is:
- (determining the value of the control action that leads to an optimum of the criterion;
- achievement of optimum of control criterion;
- fulfillment of restrictions;
- Compensation of perturbations.
- Constraints of the first kind in optimal control are:
- resource constraints;
- constraints on perturbations;
- restrictions, connected with dynamic properties of the control object;
- lower limit of the value of a managerial impact.
- Limitations of the second kind in optimal control are:
- upper boundary of the value of the managerial impact;
- resource restrictions;
- Restrictions on disturbances;
- physical restrictions.
- In multicriteria optimization:
- there is a single solution;
- there are many solutions;
- it is impossible to find a solution;
- the solution can be found with additional information from the customer.
- The Pareto area is:
- The set of solutions at the constraint boundary;
- upper limit of criterion values;
- lower boundary of criterion values;
- maximal value of control action.
- When solving a multicriteria optimization problem, the most important criterion is selected, and the other criteria:
- are discarded;
- take maximal values;
- take a form of restriction;
- take on the form of restrictions; take on the form of minimum values.
- When solving a multi-criteria optimization problem, the partial criteria are summed, with the criteria multiplied by weighting coefficients that:
- show the importance of the criterion;
- increase the accuracy of solving the problem
- scale criteria;
- reduce restriction area.
- Adaptation is:
- the process of changing system parameters;
- the process of selecting functioning criteria;
- process of changing the environment;
- the process of changing the structure of the system.
- Adaptation is:
- the process of adapting to the environment;
- the process of changing the environment;
- the process of selecting the optimal value of the controlling influence;
- process of changing the disturbing influence.
- A complex system is characterized by:
- “intolerance” to control;
- determinism;
- causality;
- non-stationarity.
- A self-adapting system is related to:
- with structural adaptation;
- with parametric adaptation;
- with adaptation of the control goals;
- adaptation of the control object.
- A dynamic system can be in the following modes:
- transient;
- periodic;
- causal;
- equilibrium.
- A stable system after a perturbation is removed:
- returns to the steady state;
- moves to a new steady state;
- transitions to a new equilibrium state;
- returns to cyclic mode.
- For a homeostatic system to be stable it is necessary to:
- the degree of instability of each antagonist must not exceed a certain critical value;
- stochasticity of each antagonist should not exceed a certain threshold value;
- the asymmetry of the influences applied to the antagonists must not exceed a certain critical limit of asymmetry;
- the asymmetry of the parameters of the antagonists must not exceed a certain critical limit of asymmetry.