Term paper 1 Topic: “Practical basics of astronomy”

Subject: Astronomy.

Class: 10

Test work is designed to test the knowledge of the topic “Practical basics of astronomy”. Test work is designed for 10 – 15 minutes and contains 5 questions that require knowledge of the material 1 – 2 paragraphs. These questions can also be used for the oral frontal survey of students. Questions of independent work aimed at the formation of skills required by the program, as well as to monitor their degree of formation and the level of knowledge of students on the main issues of astronomy course.

Questions:

1. What is called a constellation?
2. What do stars look like when viewed through a telescope? Does their appearance change depending on the magnification?
3. What role do observations play in astronomy? 
4. What are telescopes used for when observing stars?
5. The Sun is about 400 times larger than the Moon in linear diameter. Why are their apparent angular diameters almost equal?
6. For what purpose is a system of horizontal coordinates-azimuth and elevation-used?
7. What is the true or mathematical horizon?
8. What is the Zodiac?
9. Why does the visible movement of stars across the sky during the night occur in arcs?
10. Why do different constellations appear in the sky at different times of the year?
11. How can the location of the luminaries relative to each other and relative to the horizon be indicated?
12. Which coordinate characterizes the position of a luminary relative to the horizon?
13. Why do the rising and setting of the luminaries occur?
14. Why do binoculars and telescopes see many more celestial objects than we see with the naked eye?
15. What is the magnification of a telescope?
16. How can we determine the magnification of a telescope?
17. What is the difference between the optical systems of a refractor, reflector, and meniscus telescope?
18. What is the purpose of the objective and eyepiece in a telescope?
19. What two factors are most important in characterizing a telescope?
20. List three advantages of a radio telescope.
21. What is called the declination δ?
22. What is the right ascension α?
23. What is the celestial meridian?
24. Why does Polaris almost never change its position relative to the horizon? 
25. Which telescope-reflector or refractor-do you use to take a color photograph of the stars while avoiding chromatic aberration? (Aberration is a distortion of the image created by the lens. Chromatic aberration is a flaw in all lenses. When starlight passes through a lens, it deflects the blue light waves the most, and those gather in focus slightly closer to the lens than the red light waves)

Answers:

1. Constellations are specific areas of the starry sky that are separated from each other by strictly defined boundaries.
2. No. Because of the great distance, stars are visible as dots in the telescope even at the highest possible magnification. 
3. The same role as experiments in physics and other natural sciences.
4. The telescope is used to gather more light and see fainter stars.
5. That’s because the moon is about 400 times closer than the sun.
6. To find a luminary in the sky, you have to tell which side of the horizon it is on and how high above it it is.
7. The plane, which passes through the center of the sphere perpendicular to the plumb line, forms at the intersection with the sphere circle – the true or mathematical horizon.
8. A belt of 12 constellations about 16⸰ wide, passing through the entire sky; its center line is the ecliptic.
9. Because of the rotation of the Earth around its axis.
10. Because of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
11. In angular measure.
12. Height. The height is counted on a circle passing through the zenith and the luminary, and is expressed by the length of the arc of that circle from the horizon to the luminary.
13. Due to the rotation of the Earth.
14. They collect much more light compared to the naked eye (luminosity is proportional to lens area).
15. The magnification of a telescope is the ratio of the size of the lens seen through the telescope to the size of the body seen with the naked eye. A telescope magnifies not the linear, but the angular diameter of objects.
16. The magnification of a telescope can be determined as follows: magnification = focal length of objective / focal length of eyepiece.
17. In a refractor, light is collected by a lens, in a reflector by a concave mirror, in a meniscus telescope, a meniscus lens is placed in front of the mirror to correct, introduced by the mirror.
18. The lens collects light and builds an image, which is viewed through the eyepiece.
19. Lens size and quality.
20. Detects radio sources; detects radio sources hidden behind clouds of interstellar dust in the Milky Way region that are inaccessible to optical vision; works in cloudy weather and daytime; detects radio sources that cannot in principle be seen by the eye.
21. The angular distances up and down from the celestial equator are called declination.
22. The angular distance from the zero point on the celestial equator (the point of the vernal equinox), counted in an easterly direction, is called the direct ascension.
23. The great circle passing through the zenith and the points north and south on the horizon of a given observer is called the celestial meridian.
24. Because it is near the pole of the world.
25. Reflector. Because the mirror reflects all colors of starlight to the same point, the focal image in a reflector telescope is colorless.

There are five questions in each option.
options: 1; 6; 11;16; 21.
variants: 2; 7; 12; 17; 22.
option: 3; 8; 13; 18; 23.
variants: 4; 9; 14; 19; 24.
option: 5; 10; 15; 20; 25.

Criteria and norms of evaluation for the answer:

The grade “excellent” is given if the student showed a full volume, high level and quality of knowledge on these issues, owns the culture of communication and scientific presentation skills, establishes a connection between theoretical knowledge and ways of practical activity: clear, accurate and logical answers to the questions asked.

A grade of “good” is given if the student presented the material logically and scientifically, but does not fully determine the practical relevance of theoretical knowledge: does not express his point of view on the issue, could not give a sufficiently complete answer to the questions posed.

A grade of “satisfactory” is given if the student made substantial errors in the disclosure of the question, does not correlate theoretical knowledge and its own practical activity, has difficulty in answering most questions.

Assessment “unsatisfactory” is put, if the student showed weak theoretical and practical knowledge, made gross errors in the disclosure of the question, could not answer the questions.