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Theories of the origin of the state

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Theories of the origin of the state
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Name of theoryThe main authorsThe gist of the theory
PatriarchalConfuciusAristotleJ. BodinThe state is like a family, so the authority of the sovereign over his subjects is as unconditional as the authority of the father over his children.
Theocratic (theological)AureliusAugustineF. AquinasEvery authority and every state is of divine origin and must conform to Christian norms.
Social contract theory (natural law theory)G. GrotiusB. SpinozaТ. HobbesD. LockeVoltaireJ.-J. RousseauThe state arises as a product of social inequality and a mechanism for securing the political domination of one class, which possesses property and power, over other classes that are deprived of them.
Materialistic (class)К. MarxF. EngelsG. PlekhanovV. LeninThe state always emerges by violent means and is invariably built on coercion: first by the majority over the minority, and then vice versa.
Violence theoryК. KautskyG. GumplowiczГосударство всегда возникает насильственным способом и неизменно построено на принуждении: сначала большинства меньшинством, а затем — наоборот.
PsychologicalE. FrommL. PetrazhitskyThe state arises from the difference in psychological personality types of rulers-leaders and subjects-subjects encouraged and constrained by power.
OrganicG. SpencerМ. WeberP. SorokinThe state emerges as a natural mechanism for ensuring the life of society like a human organism, in which each part provides vital functions.

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