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Topic: Fundamentals of genetics and breeding

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Topic: Fundamentals of genetics and breeding
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1.The science involved in breeding new varieties of plants, animal breeds, and strains of microorganisms is called a:

 a) breeding; b) genetics; c) biotechnology 

2 The founder of the science of genetics is:

a) T. Morgan; 

b) H. Mendel;       

c) T. Morgan and H. Mendel.

3. A gene is:

a) a section of the chromosome responsible for a single trait;     

b) part of a DNA molecule that stores information about a single protein;    

c) both answers are correct

4. Hybrids are the offspring resulting from:

a) self-pollination; 

b) crossbreeding;   

c) any type of reproduction

5. The crossing of individuals belonging to pure lines and differing in one trait is called:

a) dihybrid; b) monohybrid; c) hybrid

6. Allelic genes are:

a) paired genes located in identical regions of homologous chromosomes;

b) paired genes located in non-homologous chromosomes;

c) genes located in homologous chromosomes

7. First-generation hybrids in monohybrid crosses show:

a) uniformity of traits in 100% of hybrids;    

b) trait splitting in the ratio 3:1;

c) trait splitting at a ratio of 1:1.

8. Number of phenotypes in Aa x Aa crosses with complete dominance:  

a) 3; b) 1; c) 2

9. Heterozygous individuals include:

a) Aa; b) aa; c) AA

10. Genes located in different pairs of homologous chromosomes: 

a) are inherited serially;     

b) are inherited according to the law of independent cleavage;

c) both answers are correct

11. Pure lines (homozygotes) are obtained by:

a) inbreeding;   

b) individual selection;    

c) distant hybridization

12. The primary method of selection is:

a) selection; 

b) hybridization;    

c) both answers are correct

13. The following breeding methods can be used to increase fecundity:

a) intraspecific crossing of pure lines;   

b) polyploidy;    

c) both answers are correct

2 variant

1. The most effective type of selection is:

a) mass selection; 

b) individual selection;    

c) both answers are correct.

2. H. Mendel studied:

a) the variability of organisms;              

b) genotypes of organisms;     

c) patterns of inheritance of traits

3. The unit of heredity is:

a) chromosome; b) gene; c) trait

4.The totality of an organism’s genes is:

a) gene pool; b) genotype; c) karyotype

5.The phenotype depends on:

a) on the genotype; 

b) on the environment;    

c) on genotype and environment

6. A group of individuals of the same species artificially created by man is:

a) a variety; 

b) a breed;    

c) both answers are correct 

7. Genes that determine the development of mutually exclusive traits are called:

a) alleles;               

b) dominant;    

c) recessive

8. The trait manifested in first-generation hybrids is called: a) phenotypic; b) dominant; c) recessive:

a) phenotypic;            

b) recessive;    

c) dominant

9. Individuals whose offspring show a splitting of traits are called: a) hemizygous; b) recessive; c) dominant:

a) hemizygous; b) heterozygous;    

c) homozygous

10. Genes located linearly in the same chromosome and responsible for different traits are called: a:

a) non-allelic;                             

b) alternative; 

c) allelic

11. In mass selection, the breeder is guided by: a) the phenotype of the organisms;   

b) the genotype of the organisms;   

c) phenotype and genotype of individuals. 

12. The main method of selection is not:

a) selection;                                

b) hybridization;    

c) domestication

13. When breeding varieties or breeds with more than one desired trait, the following are used:

a) crossing individuals of different varieties or breeds of the same species;   

b) mass selection;    

c) closely related hybridization

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